Teaching and Learning Today

It’s more than only integrating new contents, but also requires social and methodological competencies. Problems/difficulties at schools show that the teaching forms institutions need to be questioned.

Main characteristics of teaching and education should be:

critical thinking (action oriented)
cognitive orientation (evolutive)
analytical & rhetorical capacities → deliberation of society

Taught topics should be related to:

Global Education: Human rights education; Environment education; Development education
Civic Education: Learning by speaking; Learning by doing (Service learning)
Education towards Democracy
New learning: long-term, flexible, functional, meaningful, generalizable, application-oriented

(Eichelberger; Laner et al. (2010); p. 47ff.)

Parallelization of the new understanding of learner centred learning and the new technologies (Kergel, Heidkam-Kergel, 2020, p. 39):

New Learning	New Technology
Personalised	Personal
Learner centred	User centred
Situated	Mobile
Collaborative	Networked
Ubiquitous	Ubiquitous
Lifelong	Durable

Open Educational Resources and Creative commons for the digital age

Open educational resources (OER) refers to (mostly digital) teaching/learning materials that are provided independently of the institutions. OER are openly accessible, openly licensed texts, media and other digital contents that may be useful for teaching, learning, evaluation and research. (Kergel, Heidkam-Kergel, 2020, p. 53)

At the UNESCO forum in 2002, the term has been defined for the first time among the ‘Open Courseware’ and a global logo has been introduced:

OER describes openly accessible material and resources, that any user can use under certain licenses, change (remix) and distribute. The different types of use are summarized under “5R”. They refer to:

Retain: the right, to copy, own and control the content
Reuse: the right to use the content in diverse ways (e.g. in a study group or on a website)
Revise: the right to adapt, modify or change the content by myself
Remix: the right to combine the content with other material and create something new
Redistribute: the right to pass on copies of the original content, of the changes or the remixes, to others.

(Kergel, Heidkam-Kergel, 2020, p. 54)

OER uses Creative Commons Licenses that allows the reuse of creative property. Through a Creative Commons License, the intellectual product becomes “free content”.

According to the official website of Creative Commons (https://creativecommons.org/about/cclicenses/, 15 Oct. 2020), there are currently six license types available:

Type	Abbreviation	Permissions
	CC BY	This license allows reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use.
It includes the following elements:	BY	Credit must be given to the creator

	CC BY-SA	This license allows reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use. If you remix, adapt, or build upon the material, you must license the modified material under identical terms
It includes the following elements	BY SA	Credit must be given to the creator Adaptations must be shared under the same terms

	CC BY-NC	This license allows reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.
It includes the following elements	BY NC	Credit must be given to the creator Only noncommercial uses of the work are permitted

	CC BY-NC-SA	This license allows reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. If you remix, adapt, or build upon the material, you must license the modified material under identical terms.
It includes the following elements	BY NC SA	Credit must be given to the creator Only noncommercial uses of the work are permitted Adaptations must be shared under the same terms

	CC BY-ND	This license allows reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format in unadapted form only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use.
It includes the following elements	BY ND	Credit must be given to the creator No derivatives or adaptations of the work are permitted

	CC BY-NC-ND	This license allows reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format in unadapted form only, for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.
It includes the following elements	BY NC ND	Credit must be given to the creator Only noncommercial uses of the work are permitted No derivatives or adaptations of the work are permitted

	CC0 (CC Zero)	This is a public dedication tool, which allows creators to give up their copyright and put their works into the worldwide public domain. CC0 allows reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, with no conditions.